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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
The maximum intensities are based on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. Earthquake magnitudes are based on data from the USGS. Seismic activity during the year 2024 was much lower than the rest of the 21st century, with only 100 earthquakes exceeding magnitude six, the lowest since 1982. [1]
Earthquakes (6.0+ M w) between 1900 and 2017 Earthquakes are caused by movements within the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle.They range from weak events detectable only by seismometers, to sudden and violent events lasting many minutes which have caused some of the greatest disasters in human history.
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Richter established two features now common to all magnitude scales. First, the scale is logarithmic, so that each unit represents a ten-fold increase in the amplitude of the seismic waves. [ 12 ] As the energy of a wave is proportional to A 1.5 , where A denotes the amplitude, each unit of magnitude represents a 10 1.5 ≈ 32-fold increase in ...
Up to 66,900 people died from earthquakes in 2023, the highest death toll for earthquakes since 2010. At least 59,488 people died in the Turkey–Syria doublets of February, which dominated world headlines because of its extensive devastation; the first mainshock was also the largest earthquake of the year at M w 7.8.
Gutenberg–Richter law fitted to the aftershocks of the August 2016 Central Italy earthquake, during the Aug 22 – Sep 1 period.Notice that the linear fit fails at the upper and lower end, due to lack of registered events.
In 1902, Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli, created the Mercalli Scale, a new 12-grade scale. Significant improvements were achieved, mainly by Charles Francis Richter during the 1950s, when (1) a correlation was found between seismic intensity and the Peak ground acceleration (PGA; see the equation that Richter found for California).