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A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH. [2] The pH meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference electrode, and so the pH meter is sometimes referred to as a "potentiometric pH meter".
pH values can be measured in non-aqueous solutions, but they are based on a different scale from aqueous pH values because the standard states used for calculating hydrogen ion concentrations are different. The hydrogen ion activity, a H +, is defined [21] [22] as:
Quinones form a quinhydrone cocrystal by formation of hydrogen bonding between ρ-quinone and ρ-hydroquinone. [3] An equimolar mixture of ρ-quinones and ρ-hydroquinone in contact with an inert metallic electrode, such as antimony, forms what is known as a quinhydrone electrode. Such devices can be used to measure the pH of solutions. [4]
A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be determined visually or spectroscopically by changes in absorption and/or emission properties. [1] Hence, a pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (H 3 O +) or hydrogen ions (H +) in the ...
An ICE table or RICE box or RICE chart is a tabular system of keeping track of changing concentrations in an equilibrium reaction. ICE stands for initial, change, equilibrium . It is used in chemistry to keep track of the changes in amount of substance of the reactants and also organize a set of conditions that one wants to solve with. [ 1 ]
The concentration of hydrogen ions and pH are inversely proportional; in an aqueous solution, an increased concentration of hydrogen ions yields a low pH, and subsequently, an acidic product. By definition, an acid is an ion or molecule that can donate a proton, and when introduced to a solution it will react with water molecules (H 2 O) to ...
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