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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) describes a set of highly-related glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion. CEA is normally produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development, but the production stops before birth. Consequently, CEA is usually present at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults (about 2–4 ng/mL). [2]
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (biliary glycoprotein) (CEACAM1) also known as CD66a (Cluster of Differentiation 66a), is a human glycoprotein, and a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family.
Tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of many cancer cells, including ovary, [1] [2] [3] breast, colon, [4] lung, and pancreatic cancers. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] It is a mucin -like molecule with a molar mass of over 1000 kDa .
In people who lack Lewis antigen A (a blood type antigen on red blood cells), which is about 10% of the white population, CA19-9 is not produced by any cells, [3] even in those with large tumors. [2] This is because of a deficiency of a fucosyltransferase enzyme that is needed to produce Lewis antigen A .
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The AE1 glycoprotein is expressed only in red blood cells and, in a shortened form, in some cells in the kidney. The Diego a antigen is fairly common in Indigenous peoples of the Americas (in both North and South America) and East Asians , but very rare or absent in most other populations, supporting the theory that the two groups share common ...
If the person is a secretor, the antibodies will bind to the antigens in their saliva rather than the red blood cells, and will not cause red blood cells to agglutinate. [ 5 ] : 25 Secretor status testing was historically used in forensic science , but this has been made obsolete by advances in DNA testing .
In autoimmune disease, anti-apolipoprotein H (AAHA) antibodies, also called anti-β 2 glycoprotein I antibodies, comprise a subset of anti-cardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant. These antibodies are involved in sclerosis and are strongly associated with thrombotic forms of lupus. [ 1 ]
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