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An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.
The EWG removes electron density from a π system, making it less reactive in this type of reaction, [2] [3] and therefore called deactivating groups. EDGs and EWGs also determine the positions (relative to themselves) on the aromatic ring where substitution reactions are most likely to take place.
The olefins contained an EWG nitrile group and varying EDGs and the effect of varying EDGs on the rate of the addition reactions was observed. The process studied was: The process studied was: The rate of the addition reaction was accelerated by the following EDGs in increasing order: H < CH 3 < OCH 2 CH 3 .
In Organic chemistry, the inductive effect in a molecule is a local change in the electron density due to electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups elsewhere in the molecule, resulting in a permanent dipole in a bond. [1]
An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect. [1] In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule.
In chemistry, the mesomeric effect (or resonance effect) is a property of substituents or functional groups in a chemical compound. It is defined as the polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two pi bonds or between a pi bond and lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom. [ 1 ]
Vinylogous reactions are believed to occur when orbitals of the double bonds of the vinyl group and of an attached electron-withdrawing group (EWG; the π orbitals) are aligned and so can overlap and mix (i.e., are conjugated). Electron delocalization enables the EWG to receive electron density through participation of the conjugated system.
Krapcho decarboxylation is a chemical reaction used to manipulate certain organic esters. [1] This reaction applies to esters with a beta electron-withdrawing group (EWG).. The reaction proceeds by nucleophilic dealkylation of the ester by the halide followed by decarboxylation, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting stabilized carbanion.