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In some prisons, women may be put into solitary confinement because their mental health issues prove to be too difficult for the authorities to deal with or are exhausting their resources. [11] If the prison authorities are unable to address their inmates’ health concerns, they may put them into solitary confinement to avoid solving the problem.
Relationships of incarcerated individuals are the familial and romantic relations of individuals in prisons or jails. Although the population of incarcerated men and women is considered quite high in many countries, [1] there is relatively little research on the effects of incarceration on the inmates' social worlds.
Another significant factor in prisoner social structure is the differences in arrest factors for male and female prison populations; higher proportion of female inmates are incarcerated due to a property or drug charge than are their male counterparts, a higher proportion of whom have been arrested for a violent offence. [2]
Feminist criminologists understand childhood victimization as a structured theme throughout the lives of incarcerated women. The long-term effects of childhood victimization are essential to understanding how women become incarcerated. For some women, childhood victimization directly relates to their involvement in crime.
Koestler Arts (formerly The Koestler Trust) [1] is a charity that helps ex-offenders, secure patients and detainees in the UK to express themselves creatively. [2] It promotes the arts in prisons, secure hospitals, immigration centres and in the community, encouraging creativity and the acquisition of new skills as a means to rehabilitation.
It has been noted that use of such programs persisted since most women entered prison with little to no education or work experience. [8] [9] Prior to the 1980s, there was a lack of programming focused on drug treatment for incarcerated women, and even less research regarding the outcomes of treatment programs in general. [10]
In the United States in 2015, women made up 10.4% of the incarcerated population in adult prisons and jails. [5] [6] Between 2000 and 2010, the number of males in prison grew by 1.4% per annum, while the number of females grew by 1.9% per annum.
Another topic in gender responsive prisons is the healthcare and wellbeing of pregnant women who are incarcerated. At any given point in time, between 6-10% of incarcerated women are pregnant. Most of these pregnancies are considered high risk due to the physical and emotional disparities faced in prison. [61]