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The orchestra is divided into four groups (five if a keyboard instrument is used) and specified as follows: [1] Woodwind instruments: flutes, oboes, clarinets, saxophones (if one or more are needed), bassoons; Brass instruments: horns, trumpets, trombones, tubas; Percussion: timpani, snare drum, bass drum, chimes, etc.
These instruments are sound synthesizers that use mechanical, optical, or other forms of non-electric computation, sampling, processing, or the like. It has been proposed that music synthesizers that perform computation, and/or that work by recording and playback of sound samples, or the like, be referred to as quintephones.
For example, a perfect fifth, say 200 and 300 Hz (cycles per second), causes a listener to perceive a combination tone of 100 Hz (the difference between 300 Hz and 200 Hz); that is, an octave below the lower (actual sounding) note. This 100 Hz first-order combination tone then interacts with both notes of the interval to produce second-order ...
Using this technique, the audio data is stored as a sequence of fixed amplitude (i.e. 1-bit) values at a sample rate of 2.884 MHz, which is 64 times the 44.1 kHz sample rate used by CD. At any point in time, the amplitude of the original analog signal is represented by the density of 1's or 0's in the data stream.
The following example will trace the signal flow of a typical home stereo system while playing back an audio CD. The first component in the signal flow is the CD player, which produces the signal. The output of the CD player is connected to an input on a receiver. In a typical home stereo system, thi
For example, some dog breeds can perceive vibrations up to 60,000 Hz. [7] In many media, such as air, the speed of sound is approximately independent of frequency, so the wavelength of the sound waves (distance between repetitions) is approximately inversely proportional to frequency.
Examples of exceptions include the circular drum – a timpani whose first overtone is about 1.6 times its fundamental resonance frequency, [5] gongs and cymbals, and brass instruments. The human vocal tract is able to produce highly variable amplitudes of the overtones, called formants , which define different vowels .
Example: A 16-bit system has 2 16 different possibilities, from 0 – 65,535. The smallest signal without dithering is 1, so the number of different levels is one less, 2 16 − 1. So for a 16-bit digital system, the Dynamic Range is 20·log(2 16 − 1) ≈ 96 dB. Sample accuracy/synchronisation Not as much a specification as an ability.