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  2. Freedman–Diaconis rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman–Diaconis_rule

    For a set of empirical measurements sampled from some probability distribution, the Freedman–Diaconis rule is designed approximately minimize the integral of the squared difference between the histogram (i.e., relative frequency density) and the density of the theoretical probability distribution.

  3. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    The simplest case of a normal distribution is known as the standard normal distribution or unit normal distribution. This is a special case when μ = 0 {\textstyle \mu =0} and σ 2 = 1 {\textstyle \sigma ^{2}=1} , and it is described by this probability density function (or density): φ ( z ) = e − z 2 2 2 π . {\displaystyle \varphi (z ...

  4. Normal probability plot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_probability_plot

    Normal probability plots are made of raw data, residuals from model fits, and estimated parameters. A normal probability plot. In a normal probability plot (also called a "normal plot"), the sorted data are plotted vs. values selected to make the resulting image look close to a straight line if the data are approximately normally distributed.

  5. Histogram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram

    The data shown is a random sample of 10,000 points from a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. The data used to construct a histogram are generated via a function m i that counts the number of observations that fall into each of the disjoint categories (known as bins).

  6. List of probability distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability...

    The normal-exponential-gamma distribution; The normal-inverse Gaussian distribution; The Pearson Type IV distribution (see Pearson distributions) The Quantile-parameterized distributions, which are highly shape-flexible and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares. The skew normal distribution

  7. Shape of a probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_a_probability...

    The shape of a distribution will fall somewhere in a continuum where a flat distribution might be considered central and where types of departure from this include: mounded (or unimodal), U-shaped, J-shaped, reverse-J shaped and multi-modal. [1] A bimodal distribution would have two high points rather than one. The shape of a distribution is ...

  8. Why food safety experts stand behind the 'when in doubt ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/why-food-safety-experts-stand...

    "In reality," he said, "foodborne illnesses can lead to severe and long-lasting health issues, hospitalization or even death, especially for vulnerable populations like the immunocompromised ...

  9. Scott's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott's_Rule

    Scott's rule is a method to select the number of bins in a histogram. [1] Scott's rule is widely employed in data analysis software including R , [ 2 ] Python [ 3 ] and Microsoft Excel where it is the default bin selection method.