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Example on a topographical map, and how it would look in the real world. Typical draw, Little Carpathians. A draw, sometimes known as a re-entrant in orienteering, is a terrain feature formed by two parallel ridges or spurs with low ground in between them. The area of low ground itself is the draw, and it is defined by the spurs surrounding it.
They are used in many types of land navigation and map reading, to give a more accurate grid reference than one just estimated by eye from the grid lines on the map. While Romers of various designs are available commercially, they can easily be made by hand, by using a computer, or by finding a website [ 2 ] with instructions.
Land navigation is the discipline of following a route through unfamiliar terrain on foot or by vehicle, using maps with reference to terrain, a compass, and other navigational tools. [1] It is distinguished from travel by traditional groups, such as the Tuareg [ 2 ] across the Sahara and the Inuit [ 3 ] across the Arctic , who use subtle cues ...
Position resection and intersection are methods for determining an unknown geographic position (position finding) by measuring angles with respect to known positions.In resection, the one point with unknown coordinates is occupied and sightings are taken to the known points; in intersection, the two points with known coordinates are occupied and sightings are taken to the unknown point.
Instruments used to plot a course on a nautical chart. In navigation, the course of a watercraft or aircraft is the cardinal direction in which the craft is to be steered.The course is to be distinguished from the heading, which is the direction where the watercraft's bow or the aircraft's nose is pointed.
The various features shown on the map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. These signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet. [17] Topographic maps are also commonly called contour maps or topo maps.
Depending on whether one is navigating on a water course, in the air or on land, a different chart applies for the navigator: Nautical charts – show coastal regions and depict depths of water and land features, natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and human-made aids to navigation, and human-made structures such as harbours ...
In land navigation, a 'bearing' is ordinarily calculated in a clockwise direction starting from a reference direction of 0° and increasing to 359.9 degrees. [5] Measured in this way, a bearing is referred to as an azimuth by the US Army but not by armies in other English speaking nations, which use the term bearing. [ 6 ]