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Blum Blum Shub takes the form + =, where M = pq is the product of two large primes p and q.At each step of the algorithm, some output is derived from x n+1; the output is commonly either the bit parity of x n+1 or one or more of the least significant bits of x n+1.
A modification of Lagged-Fibonacci generators. A SWB generator is the basis for the RANLUX generator, [19] widely used e.g. for particle physics simulations. Maximally periodic reciprocals: 1992 R. A. J. Matthews [20] A method with roots in number theory, although never used in practical applications. KISS: 1993 G. Marsaglia [21]
In computer science, a generator is a routine that can be used to control the iteration behaviour of a loop. All generators are also iterators. [1] A generator is very similar to a function that returns an array, in that a generator has parameters, can be called, and generates a sequence of values.
Sometimes the same operation is applied two or more times recursively. In a variation known as otiyot pnimiyot (inner letters), the initial letter in the spelled-out name is omitted, thus the value of aleph becomes 30+80=110. Mispar ne'elam (hidden number) spells out the name of each letter without the letter itself (e.g., "leph" for aleph) and ...
For example, if two fair six-sided dice are thrown to generate two uniformly distributed integers, and , each in the range from 1 to 6, inclusive, the 36 possible ordered pairs of outcomes (,) constitute a sample space of equally likely events. In this case, the above formula applies, such as calculating the probability of a particular sum of ...
Extension of this pattern into other quadrants gives the reason why a negative number times a negative number yields a positive number. Note also how multiplication by zero causes a reduction in dimensionality, as does multiplication by a singular matrix where the determinant is 0. In this process, information is lost and cannot be regained.
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These numbers also give the solution to certain enumerative problems, [69] the most common of which is that of counting the number of ways of writing a given number n as an ordered sum of 1s and 2s (called compositions); there are F n+1 ways to do this (equivalently, it's also the number of domino tilings of the rectangle).