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Many Romanichal speak Angloromani, a mixed language that blends Romani vocabulary with English syntax. Romanichal residing in England, Scotland, and Wales are part of the Gypsy (Romani), Roma, and Traveller community. [2] Genetic, cultural and linguistic findings indicate that the Romani people can trace their origins to Northern India. [3] [4] [5]
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In the 2011 Census, the Romanian-born population grew to 83,168 people throughout the UK, with 79,687 in England and Wales, [13] 2,387 in Scotland, [14] and 1,094 in Northern Ireland. [15] The Office for National Statistics (ONS) estimated that, in 2012, 101,000 Romanian-born people were resident in the UK. [16]
However, both Romani subgroups are now English-speaking, employing Angloromani or Welsh Romani as cultural languages. [19] Gypsies in England and Wales were traditionally nomadic, however the majority now live in houses or permanent camp sites. [5] Romanichal are also present in Scotland, where they are known locally as Border Gypsies. [20]
A band of German Romani arrive in England and perform to the assembled crowd as entertainers and rope-dancers. The Scholar Gypsy by Matthew Arnold – A poem based on a legend recounted by Joseph Glanvill in The Vanity of Dogmatizing (1661), based on the thoughts and reflections of a Romani's relationship, belief in, and relationship with, God.
Conducător – A title used by Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu. [4] Domnitor – The official title of the ruler of Romania between 1862 and 1881, equivalent to "Prince Regent". Paharnic – A historical Romanian rank. Mineriads – A series of violent protests in Bucharest during the 1990s. [5]
Romani people have been recorded in the United Kingdom since at least the early 16th century. There are estimated to be around 225,000 Romani people residing in the UK. This includes the Romanichal, Kale (Welsh Roma), Scottish Lowland Roma and a sizeable population of Roma from Central and Eastern Europe, who immigrated into the UK in the late 1990s/early 2000s and after EU expansion in 2004.
In the sixteenth century, the Romani language was an inflected language, employing two genders, plurality and case marking. Anglo-Romani is first referenced in 1566–1567. In the late nineteenth century, Romani personal pronouns became inconsistently marked, according to Leland , who also notes that case distinction began fading overall, and ...