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The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236. The Bulgar state, centered in lower Volga and Kama, was the center of the fur trade in Eurasia throughout most of its history.
The campaigning in Bulgaria probably happened mainly in the north, where archaeology yields evidence of destruction from this period. The Mongols did, however, cross Bulgaria to attack the Latin Empire to its south before withdrawing completely. Bulgaria was forced to pay tribute to the Mongols, and this continued thereafter.
Bulgaria was again raided by the Mongols in 1274, 1280 and 1285. In 1278 and 1279 Tsar Ivailo led the Bulgarian army and crushed the Mongol raids before being surrounded at Silistra . [ 79 ] After a three-month siege, he managed to once again break through the elite Mongol forces, forcing them to retreat north of the Danube.
Current national action plans would see global emissions in 2030 at a level only 2.6% lower than in 2019, the UNFCCC has warned.
The Minister of agriculture and forestry of the People's Republic of Bulgaria Alexi Ivanov visited Mongolia in September 1988 for the 22nd meeting of the Intergovernmental Bulgarian-Mongolian Commission for Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation in Ulaanbaatar where he was received by the Prime Minister of Mongolia Dumaagiin Sodnom.
This year's U.N. climate summit - COP29 - is being held during yet another record-breaking year of higher global temperatures, adding pressure to negotiations aimed at curbing climate change.
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Visualisation of temperature change in Mongolia, 1901 to 2020. Climate change has threatened the ways of life for traditional pastoralist herders, as it is a driving factor of disruptive dzuds and gans, also known as extreme climatic events or natural disasters. Winter storms, drought periods, and extreme temperatures have become more frequent. [2]