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A 3D cell culture is an artificially created environment in which biological cells are permitted to grow or interact with their surroundings in all three dimensions. Unlike 2D environments (e.g. a Petri dish), a 3D cell culture allows cells in vitro to grow in all directions, similar to how they would in vivo. [1]
Examples are the establishment of an in vitro model for intestinal Shigella flexneri infection using the Emulate intestine-on-a-chip system [26] or the recreation of a complex faeces-derived microbiota population with both aerobic and anaerobic species. [27]
They function similarly to other 3D bioprinting processes but are optimized for zero gravity settings. Limitations of microgravity bioprinting are shared amongst other 3D bioprinting techniques. [7] An added challenge is sending biomaterials and bioinks to space when the supply on board the ISS has been extinguished.
Swiss-model (stylized as SWISS-MODEL) is a structural bioinformatics web-server dedicated to homology modeling of 3D protein structures. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] As of 2024 [update] , homology modeling is the most accurate method to generate reliable three-dimensional protein structure models and is routinely used in many practical applications.
MIMIC, or modular immune in vitro construct, is an artificial system imitating the human immune system.It has applications in vaccine development. White blood cells, specifically peripheral blood mononuclear cells including T cells and B cells, from human donors are placed in standard tubes containing specially designed tissue constructs made out of collagen, where they develop into small but ...
Samples can be harvested for analysis from these models from any compartment at any time. TIM-2 simulates the colon, containing the microbiota as found in human colon. This model serves as a tool to study fermentation of non-digestible food components (fibers and prebiotics) and the release of drugs specifically targeted for the colon.
Increasing the complexity of in vitro systems to reproduce tissues and interactions between them (as in "human on chip" systems) [40] Using mathematical modeling to numerically simulate the behavior of the complex system, where the in vitro data provide model parameter values [41]
Therefore, extrapolating adverse effects observed in vitro is incorporated into a quantitative model of in vivo PK model. It is generally accepted that physiologically based PK models, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of any given chemical are central to in vitro - in vivo extrapolations. [3]