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"These calculations produce the global average temperature deviations from the baseline period of 1951 to 1980." "NASA’s full 2018 surface temperature data set — and the complete methodology used to make the temperature calculation — are available at: https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp".
Giovanni is a Web interface that allows users to analyze NASA's gridded data from various satellite and surface observations.. Giovanni lets researchers examine data on atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric temperature, water vapor and clouds, atmospheric aerosols, precipitation, and ocean chlorophyll and surface temperature.
Re changes to vertical axis: version 16's source states: "Annual global mean temperatures expressed as a difference from pre-industrial conditions. Four different data sets are shown - HadCRUT, NOAAGlobalTemp, GISTEMP, and Berkeley Earth - as well as two reanalyses - ERA5 and JRA-55.
The global average covers 97-98% of Earth's surface, excluding only latitudes above +85 degrees, below -85 degrees and, in the cases of TLT and TMT, some areas with land above 1500 m altitude. The hemispheric averages are over the northern and southern hemispheres 0 to +/-85 degrees. The gridded data provide an almost global temperature map. [3]
Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface. More precisely, it is the weighted average of the temperatures over the ocean and land. The former is also called sea surface temperature and the latter is called surface air temperature. Temperature data comes mainly from weather stations and satellites.
[1] [2] The resulting temperature profiles depend on details of the methods that are used to obtain temperatures from radiances. As a result, different groups that have analyzed the satellite data have produced differing temperature datasets. The satellite time series is not homogeneous.
Because there's less gravity on the moon, time there moves a tad quicker — 58.7 microseconds every day — compared to Earth. “An atomic clock on the moon will tick at a different rate than a ...
To compare to the trend from the surface temperature record (+0.161±0.033 °C/decade from 1979 to 2012 according to NASA GISS [45]) it is most appropriate to derive trends for the part of the atmosphere nearest the surface, i.e., the lower troposphere. Doing this, through December 2019: