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A PhD degree is a doctor of philosophy which can be obtained in many areas of study, while a PhD in management is specific to the study of research questions with potential relevance to the business world. Areas of specialization for the PhD in business often include, but are not limited to the following:
Candidate of Sciences (Candidatus scientiarum – CSc., replaced by common Ph.D. in the Czech Republic in 1998 and by PhD. in Slovakia in 1996) Doctor of philosophy (Philosophiae doctor – Ph.D. or PhD., awarded since 1998 and 1996, respectively; requires at least 3–5-year doctoral study and coursework of 120-180 Credits)
The award is sponsored by the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies, and presented at the annual conference of the European Group for Organizational Studies. The Award "aims to promote and recognize innovative PhD research in management and organization studies" [12] and "does not specify any preferences towards topics or methods". [13]
The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard means for comparing academic credits, i.e., the "volume of learning based on the defined learning outcomes and their associated workload" for higher education across the European Union and other collaborating European countries. [1]
Additionally, most schools calculate a student's grade point average (GPA) by assigning each letter grade a number and averaging those numerical values. Generally, American schools equate an A with a numerical value of 4.0. Most graduate schools require a 3.0 (B) average to take a degree, with C or C− being the lowest grade for course credit.
The Doctor of Management (DM or DMgt) is an applied research doctorate (or professional practice doctorate) with a degree focus in management, leadership, and organizational topics." [ 1 ] The intention of the DM is to advance the skills of professionals in research, analysis, theory, and practice in organizations. [ 1 ]
Triple accreditation in management education is the combined accreditation of the three major accreditation bodies: the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) based in the United States, [1] the Association of MBAs (AMBA) based in the United Kingdom, [2] and the EFMD Quality Improvement System (EQUIS) by the European ...
The ECTS system initially divided students between pass and fail groups and then assessed the performance of these two groups separately. Those obtaining passing grades were divided into five subgroups: the best 10% are awarded an A grade, the next 25% a B grade, the following 30% a C, the following 25% a D and the final 10% an E.