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Axonometry is a graphical procedure belonging to descriptive geometry that generates a planar image of a three-dimensional object. The term "axonometry" means "to measure along axes", and indicates that the dimensions and scaling of the coordinate axes play a crucial role.
[2] [3] Typically in axonometric drawing, as in other types of pictorials, one axis of space is shown to be vertical. In isometric projection , the most commonly used form of axonometric projection in engineering drawing, [ 4 ] the direction of viewing is such that the three axes of space appear equally foreshortened , and there is a common ...
Along a vertical axis (often the y-axis): The top and bottom views, which are known as plans (because they show the arrangement of features on a horizontal plane, such as a floor in a building). Along a horizontal axis (often the z -axis): The front and back views, which are known as elevations (because they show the heights of features of an ...
In third-order astigmatism, the tangential rays (in the tangential plane) and sagittal rays (in the sagittal plane) form foci at different distances along the optic axis. These foci are called the tangent focus and sagittal focus, respectively. In the presence of astigmatism, an off-axis point on the object is not sharply imaged by the optical ...
Next, the cube is rotated ±45° about the vertical axis, followed by a rotation of approximately 35.264° (precisely arcsin 1 ⁄ √ 3 or arctan 1 ⁄ √ 2, which is related to the Magic angle) about the horizontal axis. Note that with the cube (see image) the perimeter of the resulting 2D drawing is a perfect regular hexagon: all the black ...
The principles of capturing vertical photographs are shown in Figure 2. [3] [4] Two major axes which originate from the camera lens are included. [3] One is the vertical axis which is always at 90° to the study area. [3] Another one is the camera axis which changes with the angle of the camera. [3]
A plumb bob, plumb bob level, or plummet, is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom, suspended from a string and used as a vertical direction as a reference line, or plumb-line. It is a precursor to the spirit level and used to establish a vertical datum. It is typically made of stone, wood, or lead, but can also be made of other ...
Any transformation of the plane leaving this pattern invariant can be decomposed into a translation, (x, y) ↦ (n + x, y), optionally followed by a reflection in either the horizontal axis, (x, y) ↦ (x, −y), or the vertical axis, (x, y) ↦ (−x, y), provided that this axis is chosen through or midway between two dots, or a rotation by ...