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Joseph Wirth, German politician, former Chancellor of Germany (died 1956) 9 October – Max von Laue, German physicist (died 1960) 28 October – Martin Kirschner, German surgeon (died 1942) 29 October – Franz von Papen, German politician, Chancellor of Germany (died 1969) 1 November – Oskar Barnack, German inventor and German photographer ...
1879: 7 October: Germany and Austria-Hungary joined a mutual defense treaty, the Dual Alliance. 1880: July: Kulturkampf: The First Mitigation Law was passed, resuming government payments to Prussian dioceses. 16 December: First Boer War: Boer rebels laid siege to a British fort at Potchefstroom. 1882: 20 May
The Reichsgericht (German: [ˈʁaɪçs.ɡəˌʁɪçt], transl. Reich Court or National Court) was the supreme criminal and civil court of Germany from 1879 to 1945, encompassing the periods of the German Empire, the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany.
By 1900, Germany was the dominant power on the European continent and its rapidly expanding industry had surpassed Britain's while provoking it in a naval arms race. Germany led the Central Powers in World War I, but was defeated, partly occupied, forced to pay war reparations, and stripped of its colonies and significant territory along its ...
Wehler, a leader of the Bielefeld School of social history, places the origins of Germany's path to disaster in the 1860s–1870s, when economic modernisation took place, but political modernisation did not happen and the old Prussian rural elite remained in firm control of the army, diplomacy and the civil service. Traditional, aristocratic ...
Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, Prussia had adopted low tariffs (including for grain) and these became the basis of the Zollverein tariff of 1834. [1] In 1853 the duties on grain were abolished and in 1862 the commercial treaty with France (along with similar treaties with other states) substantially reduced the duties for manufactured goods. [2]
The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund [ˌdɔʏtʃɐ ˈbʊnt] ⓘ) was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe. [a] It was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, [b] often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.