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The use of chemical weapons against the Rif was first described in an article of a (now defunct) Francophone daily newspaper published in Tangier called La Dépêche marocaine dated on November 27, 1921. [15] [16] Historian Juan Pando has been the only Spanish historian to have confirmed the usage of mustard gas starting in 1923. [14]
[1] [2] [3] Upon the proclamation of the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Slimane, the Bey of Oran Mohammed el-Kebier, after succeeding in liberating Oran from Spanish occupation, crossed into Moroccan territory under the pretext of preparing the siege of Melilla. Later developments proved, however, that the siege of this fortress was but a cover for the ...
The Republic was dissolved by Spanish and French occupation forces on 27 May 1926, but many Rif guerrillas continued to fight until 1927. [18] Abd-el-Krim boarding a Fez-Tangier train in 1926 on his way to exile in the Indian Ocean island of Réunion. In April 1925, Abd el-Krim proclaimed the independent Republic in the Rif region of Spanish ...
The Rif War (Tarifit: ⴰⵎⴻⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ, romanized: Amenɣi n Arif, Arabic: حرب الريف, romanized: ḥarb ar-rīf, Spanish: Guerra del Rif) was an armed conflict fought from 1921 to 1926 between Spain (joined by France in 1924) and the Berber (Amazigh) tribes of the mountainous Rif region of northern Morocco.
The Government of the Republic of the Rif was established on 18 September 1921 when the Riffian Tribes, led by Abd el-Krim, beat Spain in the Battle of Annual during the Rif War and created the Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif. The Republic of the Rif is considered the first-ever independent non-monarchical modern Amazigh state.
The Rif region is largely of Berber origin. Of the 55 Rif tribes, 47 of them are of Berber and/or Arabized Berber origin (although some of these tribes contain a minority of Arab sub-tribes), and only 8 Rif tribes are Arabs not of Berber origin (including the tribes of Oulad Mansour, Oulad Sghir, La'thamna, Banu Sahil, Kholout, Gharbiya, Anjara, and Oulad Stout).
The Battle of Annual was fought on 22 July 1921 at Annual, in northeastern Morocco, between the Spanish Army and Rifian Berbers during the Rif War.The Spanish suffered a major military defeat, which is almost always referred to by the Spanish as the Disaster of Annual (Spanish: Desastre de Annual) which is widely considered to be the worst defeat suffered by the modern Spanish Army.
"Las minas de Guelaya y la Guerra del Rif" (PDF). Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea (13). Alicante: Universidad de Alicante: 329– 336. ISSN 1579-3311. González Rodríguez, Francisco José (2013). "La guerra del rif, la guerra olvidada" (PDF). El Hinojal. Revista de Estudios del MUVI: 77– 88. ISSN 2341-3093. León Rojas ...