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Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (August 24, 1913 – November 27, 1997) was an American adult educator, famous for the adoption of the theory of andragogy—initially a term coined by the German teacher Alexander Kapp.
In 1967, Knowles made use of the term "andragogy" to explain his theory of adult education. Then after consulting with Merriam-Webster , he corrected the spelling of the term to "andragogy" and continued to make use of the term to explain his multiple ideas about adult learning.
Nursing theory is defined as "a creative and conscientious structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena". [1] Through systematic inquiry, whether in nursing research or practice, nurses are able to develop knowledge relevant to improving the care of patients.
Malcolm Knowles's work distinguished adult learners as distinct from adolescent and child learners in his principle of andragogy. [2] He established 5 assumptions about the adult learner. This included self-concept, adult learner experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning, and motivation to learning.
Kapp used andragogy to describe elements of Plato's education theory. Andragogy (andr- meaning 'man') could be contrasted with pedagogy (paid- meaning 'child' and agogos meaning 'leading') (see Davenport 1993: 114) [ 2 ] Although Kapp's use of andragogy had some currency, it was disputed, and its use ground to a halt.
The term was later introduced by Malcolm Knowles when he published his work, Informal Adult Education in 1950. [9] At first, informal learning was only delimited from formal school learning and nonformal learning in courses. [11] Marsick and Watkins take up this approach and go one step further in their definition.
This definition is a cornerstone of the taxonomy of educational goals, widely applied beyond education, notably in knowledge management. Knowledge is categorized into specific domains: the recall of terminology and facts, understanding methods and conventions, and recognizing patterns and principles in various fields.
Behavioral system model, nursing theorist Dorothy E. Johnson (August 21, 1919 – February 4, 1999) [ 1 ] was an American nurse, researcher, author, and theorist. She is known for creating the behavioral system model and for being one of the founders of modern system-based nursing theory .