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Rectal bleeding refers to bleeding in the rectum, thus a form of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. There are many causes of rectal hemorrhage, including inflamed hemorrhoids (which are dilated vessels in the perianal fat pads), rectal varices , proctitis (of various causes), stercoral ulcers , and infections .
Symptoms are similar to those of ulcerative colitis but more severe and affect the entire large intestine. Patients generally exhibit symptoms including rectal bleeding as a result of ulcers, pain in the abdominal region, inflammation in varying degrees, and diarrhea (often containing blood), fatigue, fever, and night sweats.
A lower gastrointestinal bleed is defined as bleeding originating distal to the ileocecal valve, which includes the colon, rectum, and anus. [2] LGIB was previously defined as any bleed that occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz, which included the aforementioned parts of the intestine and also included the last 1/4 of the duodenum and the entire area of the jejunum and ileum. [1]
Gastrointestinal bleeding from the upper tract occurs in 50 to 150 per 100,000 adults per year. [8] It is more common than lower gastrointestinal bleeding which is estimated to occur at the rate of 20 to 30 per 100,000 per year. [2] Risk of bleeding is more common in males and increases with age. [2]
Diverticular disease can present with painless rectal bleeding as bright red blood per rectum. Diverticular bleeding is the most common cause of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. [9] However, it is estimated that 80% of these cases are self-limiting and require no specific therapy. [10]
One study involving more than 1 million people with colon cancer from 2004 to 2015 found that 51.6% of those under 50 were diagnosed with stage three or four cancer, while 40% of people over 50 ...
This fulminant type is associated with severe symptoms (usually diarrhea, rectal bleeding and abdominal pain) and is usually associated with systemic symptoms including fever. [13] It is associated with a high mortality rate as compared to milder forms of UC, with a 3-month and 12 month mortality rate of 0.84% and 1% respectively. [ 13 ]
The signs and symptoms are variable, and in up to 25% of patients there may be no symptoms. [3] The most common symptoms and signs are bleeding, which can vary from minor to severe, rectal prolapse and incomplete evacuation (35%-76% of cases). [4]
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