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Copper Leader Head at Penn's Quadrangle, Philadelphia 1894 Copper Leader at Shofuso Japanese House and Garden in Philadelphia. The purpose of a leader head is to help transfer excess water from the roof onto downspouts, thus preventing the gutters from overflowing and water washing over the walls, which is a common occurrence in areas susceptible to heavy rain cycles.
The purpose of a downspout is to allow water from a gutter to reach the ground without dripping or splashing down the building structure. Downspouts are usually vertical and usually extend down to ground level, although may be routed at an angle to avoid architectural features and may discharge onto an intermediate roof.
A post in ground construction, also called earthfast [1] or hole-set posts, is a type of construction in which vertical, roof-bearing timbers, called posts, are in direct contact with the ground. They may be placed into excavated postholes , [ 2 ] driven into the ground, or on sills which are set on the ground without a foundation.
This type consists of a rod with wide screw blades on the end and an eyelet on the other for the guy wire. It is screwed deep into the ground, at the same angle as the guy, by a truck-mounted drill machine. These are commonly used as guy anchors for utility poles since they are quick to install with a truck mounted hydraulic powered auger drive.
Trenchless rehabilitation includes such construction methods as spiral wound lining, sliplining, thermoformed pipe, pipe bursting, shotcrete, gunite, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP), grout-in-place pipe, mechanical spot repair, and other methods for the repair, rehabilitation, or replacement of existing buried pipes and structures without excavation ...
Cross-section of direct buried cable. Direct-buried cable (DBC) is a kind of communications or transmissions electrical cable which is especially designed to be buried under the ground without any other cover, sheath, or duct to protect it. [1] Most direct-buried cable is built to specific tolerances to heat, moisture, conductivity, and soil ...
Above-ground lines cost around $10 per 1-foot (0.30 m) and underground lines cost in the range of $20 to $40 per 1-foot (0.30 m). [10] In highly urbanized areas, the cost of underground transmission can be 10–14 times as expensive as overhead. [11] However, these calculations may neglect the cost of power interruptions.
A dry well or drywell is an underground structure that disposes of unwanted water, most commonly surface runoff and stormwater, in some cases greywater or water used in a groundwater heat pump. It is a gravity-fed , vertical underground system that can capture surface water from impervious surfaces , then store and gradually infiltrate the ...