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The broad crested weir at the Thorp grist mill in Thorp, Washington, US. Commonly, weirs are used to prevent flooding, measure water discharge, and help render rivers more navigable by boat. In some locations, the terms dam and weir are synonymous, but normally there is a clear distinction made between the structures. Usually, a dam is designed ...
Flumes offer distinct advantages over sharp-crested weirs: [4] For the same control width, the head loss for a flume is about one-fourth of that needed to operate a sharp-crested weir; The velocity of approach is part of the calibration equations for flumes
There are also man-made hydraulic jumps created by devices like weirs or sluice gates. In general, a hydraulic jump may be used to dissipate energy, to mix chemicals, or to act as an aeration device. [1] [2] To produce equations describing the jump, since there is an unknown energy loss, there is a need to apply conservation of momentum. [3]
These final two equations are very similar to the Q = CH a n equations that are used for Parshall flumes. In fact, when looking at the flume tables, n has a value equal to or slightly greater than 1.5, while the value of C is larger than (3.088 b 2 ) but still in a rough estimation.
A. Mahdavi and N. Talebbeydokhti, 2015, propose a hybrid algorithm for implementation of solid boundary condition and simulate flow over a sharp crested weir [20] S. Tavakkol et al., 2016, develop curvSPH, which makes the horizontal and vertical size of particles independent and generates uniform mass distribution along curved boundaries [21]
In a nozzle or other constriction, the discharge coefficient (also known as coefficient of discharge or efflux coefficient) is the ratio of the actual discharge to the ideal discharge, [1] i.e., the ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle to that of an ideal nozzle which expands an identical working fluid from the same initial conditions to the same exit pressures.
The velocity of the surface can by related to the outflow velocity by the continuity equation =, where is the orifice's cross section and is the (cylindrical) vessel's cross section. Renaming v 2 {\displaystyle v_{2}} to v A {\displaystyle v_{A}} (A like Aperture) gives:
The Chézy Formula is a semi-empirical resistance equation [1] [2] which estimates mean flow velocity in open channel conduits. [3] The relationship was conceptualized and developed in 1768 by French physicist and engineer Antoine de Chézy (1718–1798) while designing Paris's water canal system.