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Economics classes make extensive use of supply and demand graphs like this one to teach about markets. In this graph, S and D refer to supply and demand and P and Q refer to the price and quantity. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to economics:
A basic tool for econometrics is the multiple linear regression model. [8] Econometric theory uses statistical theory and mathematical statistics to evaluate and develop econometric methods. [9] [10] Econometricians try to find estimators that have desirable statistical properties including unbiasedness, efficiency, and consistency.
In political philosophy, the means of production refers to the generally necessary assets and resources that enable a society to engage in production. [1] While the exact resources encompassed in the term may vary, it is widely agreed to include the classical factors of production (land, labour, and capital) as well as the general infrastructure and capital goods necessary to reproduce stable ...
Basic tools of econophysics are probabilistic and statistical methods often taken from statistical physics.. Physics models that have been applied in economics include the kinetic theory of gas (called the kinetic exchange models of markets [7]), percolation models, chaotic models developed to study cardiac arrest, and models with self-organizing criticality as well as other models developed ...
the definition of economics [2] the scope of economics as defined by its methods [3] fundamental principles and operational significance of economic theory [4] methodological individualism versus holism in economics [5] the role of simplifying assumptions such as rational choice and profit maximizing in explaining or predicting phenomena [6]
Models include simple theoretical models, often containing only a few equations, used in teaching and research to highlight key basic principles, and larger applied quantitative models used by e.g. governments, central banks, think tanks and international organisations to predict effects of changes in economic policy or other exogenous factors ...
Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyses what is viewed as basic elements within economies, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, and sellers.
The earlier term for the discipline was "political economy", but since the late 19th century, it has commonly been called "economics". [22] The term is ultimately derived from Ancient Greek οἰκονομία (oikonomia) which is a term for the "way (nomos) to run a household (oikos)", or in other words the know-how of an οἰκονομικός (oikonomikos), or "household or homestead manager".