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Islam is the largest minority religion in the country, with the Protestant and Roman Catholic confessions being the majority religions. [9] [10] [11] Most Muslims in Germany have roots in Turkey, [12] followed by Arab countries, former Yugoslavia (mostly of Kosovo-Albanian or Bosnian origin), as well as Iranic countries (Afghanistan, Tajkistan, Pakistan, Kurdistan & Iran).
During the Middle Ages, Islam spread in Eastern Europe through the Islamization of several Turkic ethnic groups, [13] [14] such as the Cumans, Kipchaks, Tatars, and Volga Bulgars under the Mongol invasions and conquests in Eurasia, [13] [14] and later under the Golden Horde and its successor khanates, [14] with its various Muslim populations ...
Learned Muslim captives played a very important role in the spread of Arabic science and philosophy over the Christian world. [22] The liberation of Muslim slaves was a state affair and elevated the popular esteem of the sovereign government. Muslim slaves were either freed or exchanged through special legislation and international treaties. [23]
During the High Middle Ages, the Islamic world was an important contributor to the global cultural scene, innovating and supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Al-Andalus, Sicily and the Crusader kingdoms in the Levant. These included Latin translations of the Greek Classics and of Arabic texts in astronomy, mathematics, science, and ...
The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years. The early Muslim conquests that occurred following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE led to the creation of the caliphates, expanding over a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces expanding over vast territories and building imperial structures over time. [1][2 ...
And the spread of Islam was stopped along the road between the towns of Tours and Poitiers, France, with just its head in Europe." Victor Davis Hanson has commented that Recent scholars have suggested [Tours-Poitiers], so poorly recorded in contemporary sources, was a mere raid and thus a construct of western mythmaking or that a Muslim victory ...
[4] [5] Further studies indicate the worldwide spread and percentage growth of Islam, may be attributed to high birth rates followed by a trend of worldwide adoption and conversion to Islam. [3] [6] Most Muslims fall under either of two main branches: Sunni (87–90%, roughly 1.7 billion people) [7] or; Shia (10–13%, roughly 180–230 million ...
The Regensburg lecture or Regensburg address was delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg in Germany, which sparked international reactions and controversy. The lecture entitled " Faith, Reason and the University – Memories and Reflections" (German: Glaube, Vernunft und Universität – Erinnerungen ...