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Of the Twelve Apostles to hold the title after Matthias' selection, Christian tradition has generally passed down that all of the Twelve Apostles except John were martyred. It is traditionally believed that John survived all of them, living to old age and dying of natural causes at Ephesus sometime after AD 98, during the reign of Trajan.
Dirk Willems etching from Martyrs Mirror "Death of Cranmer", from the 1887 Foxe's Book of Martyrs. Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos, 1523, burned at the stake, early Lutheran martyrs; Jan de Bakker, 1525, burned at the stake; Martyrs of Tlaxcala, 1527-1529; Felix Manz, 1527; Patrick Hamilton, 1528, burned at the stake, early Lutheran martyr ...
James the Great [a] (Koinē Greek: Ἰάκωβος, romanized: Iákōbos; Aramaic: ܝܥܩܘܒ, romanized: Yaʿqōḇ; died AD 44) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was the second of the apostles to die after Judas Iscariot and the first to be martyred. [1]
James, son of Alphaeus (Greek: Ἰάκωβος, Iakōbos; Aramaic: ܝܥܩܘܒ ܒܪ ܚܠܦܝ; [2] Hebrew: יעקב בן חלפי Ya'akov ben Halfai; Coptic: ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃⲟⲥ ⲛⲧⲉ ⲁⲗⲫⲉⲟⲥ; Arabic: يعقوب بن حلفى, romanized: Ya'qūb bin Halfā) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, appearing under this name in all three of the Synoptic Gospels' lists of the apostles.
The Doctrine of the Apostles attests that Thomas had written Christian doctrine from India. [82] India and all its own countries, and those bordering on it, even to the farther sea, received the Apostle's hand of Priesthood from Judas Thomas, who was Guide and Ruler in the Church which he built and ministered there".
The Encyclopædia Britannica relates that "James the Lord's brother was a Christian apostle, according to St. Paul, although not one of the original Twelve Apostles." [ 1 ] According to Protestant theologian Philip Schaff , James seems to have taken the place of James the son of Zebedee, after his martyrdom, around 44 AD.
A distinction between martyrs and confessors is traceable to the latter part of the second century: those only were martyrs who had suffered the extreme penalty, whereas the title of confessor was given to Christians who had shown their willingness to die for their belief, by bravely enduring imprisonment or torture, but were not put to death.
May 8: Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian. [107] On this date Christians used to draw forth from his grave fine ashes which were believed to be effective for healing the sick. [108] June 30: Synaxis of the Twelve Apostles. [109] July 10: Synaxis of Sant John the Theologian in the district of Beatus. [110] [111]