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The pad is generated via some algorithm, that expands one or more small values into a longer "one-time-pad". This applies equally to all algorithms, from insecure basic mathematical operations like square root decimal expansions, to complex, cryptographically secure pseudo-random random number generators (CSPRNGs).
A format of one-time pad used by the U.S. National Security Agency, code named DIANA.The table on the right is an aid for converting between plaintext and ciphertext using the characters at left as the key.
Compression: The more common characters are encoded by only one character, instead of two; this reduces the ciphertext size and potentially the cipher's proneness to a frequency attack. Fractionation : Unlike in the Polybius Square (where every character is represented by a pair of digits), a straddling checkerboard will not encrypt each ...
The one-time pad is, in most cases, impractical as it requires that the key material be as long as the plaintext, actually random, used once and only once, and kept entirely secret from all except the sender and intended receiver. When these conditions are violated, even marginally, the one-time pad is no longer unbreakable.
Stream ciphers can be viewed as approximating the action of a proven unbreakable cipher, the one-time pad (OTP). A one-time pad uses a keystream of completely random digits. The keystream is combined with the plaintext digits one at a time to form the ciphertext. This system was proven to be secure by Claude E. Shannon in 1949. [1]
A sample NSA one-time pad. one time pad (OTP or OTPad) - keying material that should be as long as the plaintext and should only be used once. If truly random and not reused it's the most secure encryption method. See one-time pad article.
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However the problems involved in using a random key as long as the message make the one-time pad difficult to use in practice. Keywords shorter than the message (e.g., " Complete Victory " used by the Confederacy during the American Civil War ), introduce a cyclic pattern that might be detected with a statistically advanced version of frequency ...