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Bismuth sulfide is a highly insoluble black salt, and the discoloration seen is temporary and harmless. Long-term use (more than six weeks) may lead to accumulation and toxicity. [8] High daily intake over a period of months can possibly cause severe fatigue, weakness and neurological symptoms that reverse with discontinuation. [9]
Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems, infertility, and tingling in the hands and feet. [1] It causes almost 10% of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause and can result in behavioral problems. [2] Some of the effects are permanent. [2]
Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) has both antibacterial and anti-secretory actions that help with diarrhea. [1] Once in the gut, BSS gets broken down into bismuth and salicylic acid. [ 1 ] Bismuth produces other bismuth salts, which blocks the binding and proliferation of bacteria in stomach mucosal cells, leading to a decrease in inflammation in ...
Bismuth poisoning can occur and has according to some reports been common in relatively recent times. [108] [110] As with lead, bismuth poisoning can result in the formation of a black deposit on the gingiva, known as a bismuth line. [111] [112] [113] Poisoning may be treated with dimercaprol; however, evidence for benefit is unclear. [114] [115]
Constipation is a bowel dysfunction that makes bowel movements infrequent or hard to pass. [2] The stool is often hard and dry. [4] Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and feeling as if one has not completely passed the bowel movement. [3]
[1] [4] Complications can include swelling of the brain or lungs, seizures, low blood sugar, or cardiac arrest. [1] While usually due to aspirin, other possible causes include oil of wintergreen and bismuth subsalicylate. [2] Excess doses can be either on purpose or accidental. [1] Small amounts of oil of wintergreen can be toxic. [2]
[2] [27] Potential side effects include black tongue, black stools, nausea, constipation, and ringing in the ears. Bismuth subsalicylate should not be taken by those with aspirin allergy, kidney disease, or gout, nor concurrently with certain antibiotics such as the quinolones, and should not be taken continuously for more than three weeks.
Bismuth subcitrate potassium is a salt of bismuth (Bi 3+), potassium (K +) and citrate (C 6 H 4 O 4− 7) in a molar ratio of about 1:5:2, with 3 moles of water. It contains about 25.6% (mass percent) bismuth, which is the active moiety, and 22.9% potassium. [3] [4] Other sources give somewhat different ratios of the constituents.