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A few Sikh groups have put pressure on universities to stifle academic criticism of popular Sikh literature and theories of Sikh history. [21] In the early 1990s, Pashaura Singh, an academic of the Macleodian school, was campaigned against for challenging the authenticity of Guru Granth Sahib. Singh was pressured to withdraw sections of his thesis.
The Sikhs were brought to Delhi in a procession with the 780 Sikh prisoners, 2,000 Sikh heads hung on spears, and 700 cartloads of heads of slaughtered Sikhs used to terrorise the population. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] They were put in the Delhi fort and pressured to give up their faith and become Muslims. [ 76 ]
The idea of creating an online Sikh encyclopedia is attributed to Ash Singh after he had a television interview where the importance of documenting Sikh history, from both the distant past and present, was discussed. [2] Ash Singh partnered with Gurumustuk Singh Khalsa, then webmaster of SikhNet, to create SikhiWiki. [2]
The field is seen as beginning around the mid-20th century, during the time of the partition of the Indian subcontinent into two domains: Pakistan and India. [1] Literature in European languages regarding Sikhs and Sikhism has existed since the 18th century but the institutional environment did not exist at that period to further these inquiries and attempts into a proper field of study. [1]
According to Banga, the partition was a watershed event in Sikh history. [263] [264] The Sikhs had historically lived in northwestern region of Indian subcontinent on both sides of the partition line ("Radcliffe Line").
A Sikh state is a political entity that is ruled by Sikhs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] There were various Sikh states, empires, and dynasties, beginning with the first Sikh state established by Banda Singh Bahadur to the Sikh-ruled princely states of British India .
The Sikh Empire, officially known as Sarkār-i-Khālsa and Khālasa Rāj, [citation needed] was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. [7] It existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company in the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Many battles and campaigns between the armies of the Mughal Empire and various Sikh states took place, and started with the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev in 1606. The Guru's older brother Prithi Chand and Mughal subedar Chandu Shah circulated rumours up to the Mughal emperor Jahangir claiming the draft of the Adi Granth ...