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For example, the ColoGuard test may be used to screen people over 55 years old for colorectal cancer. [57] Cancer is a longtime-scale disease with various progression steps, molecular diagnostics tools can be used for prognosis of cancer progression. For example, the OncoType Dx test by Genomic Health can estimate risk of breast cancer.
The Oncotype DX® breast cancer assay is one such test used to predict the likelihood of breast cancer recurrence. This test is intended for women with early-stage (Stage I or II), node-negative, estrogen receptor -positive (ER+) invasive breast cancer who will be treated with hormone therapy .
[6] [7] For example, analysis of blood samples from cancer patients has found a propensity for increased CTC detection as the disease progresses. [8] Blood tests are easy and safe to perform and multiple samples can be taken over time. By contrast, analysis of solid tumors necessitates invasive procedures that might limit patient compliance.
Reflect the stage of cancer; By determining the stage of cancer, it's possible to give a prognosis and treatment plan. [4] Screening for cancers; No screening test is wholly specific, and a high level of tumor marker can still be found in benign tumors. The only tumor marker currently used in screening is PSA (prostate-specific antigen ...
Minimal residual disease (MRD), also known as Molecular residual disease, is the name given to small numbers of cancer cells that remain in a person either during or after treatment when the patient is in remission (no symptoms or signs of disease). Sensitive molecular tests are either in development or available to test for MRD.
For example, a common application of cytopathology is the Pap smear, a screening tool used to detect precancerous cervical lesions that may lead to cervical cancer. Cytopathologic tests are sometimes called smear tests because the samples may be smeared across a glass microscope slide [ 4 ] for subsequent staining and microscopic examination.
In particular, biopsy, resection, and blood tests are all examples of pathology work that is essential for the diagnoses of many kinds of cancer and for the staging of cancerous masses.
For example, it can help to distinguish between adenocarcinoma of the lung and mesothelioma, a different type of lung cancer which is not normally CEA positive. Because even monoclonal antibodies to CEA tend to have some degree of cross-reactivity, occasionally giving false positive results, it is commonly employed in combination with other ...
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