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The Ottoman coffeehouse (Ottoman Turkish: قهوهخانه, romanized: kahvehane), or Ottoman café, was a distinctive part of the culture of the Ottoman Empire. These coffeehouses , started in the mid-sixteenth century, brought together citizens across society for educational, social, and political activity as well as general information ...
The word coffee in various European languages [10]. The most common English spelling of café is the French word for both coffee and coffeehouse; [11] [12] it was adopted by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century. [13]
The Coffee Bearer by John Frederick Lewis (1857) Kaffa kalid coffeepot, by French silversmith François-Thomas Germain, 1757, silver with ebony handle, Metropolitan Museum of Art. The history of coffee dates back centuries, first from its origin in Ethiopia and later in Yemen. It was already known in Mecca in the 15th century.
A coffee bearer, from the Ottoman quarters in Cairo (1857). The earliest-grown coffee can be traced from Ethiopia. [6] Evidence of knowledge of the coffee tree and coffee drinking first appeared in the late 15th century; the Sufi shaykh Muhammad ibn Sa'id al-Dhabhani, the Mufti of Aden, is known to have imported goods from Ethiopia to Yemen. [7]
Medicinal treatments in early Ottoman medicine often include the use of foods and beverages. Coffee, taken both medicinally and recreationally, was used to treat stomach problems and indigestion by working as a laxative. [14] The stimulant properties of coffee eventually gained recognition and coffee was used to curb fatigue and exhaustion. [14]
Europeans first learned about coffee consumption and practice through accounts of exotic travels to "oriental" empires of Asia. [2] According to Markman Ellis, travellers accounted for how men would consume an intoxicating liquor, "black in colour and made by infusing the powdered berry of a plant that flourished in Arabia."
The Fountain of Ahmed III is an iconic example of Tulip Period architecture. The Tulip Period saw a flowering of arts, culture and architecture. Compared with the earlier classical style of Ottoman architecture, architecture and decoration in this period became more ornate and favoured floral motifs, being influenced by the Baroque style in Europe.
The Ottoman dynasty or House of Osman (c. 1280–1922) was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Ottoman ...