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A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes and storage space to maintain the index data structure. Indexes are used to quickly locate data without having to search every row in a database table every time said table is accessed.
A database catalog of a database instance consists of metadata in which definitions of database objects such as base tables, views (virtual tables), synonyms, value ranges, indexes, users, and user groups are stored. [1] [2] It is an architecture product that documents the database's content and data quality. [3]
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
Index data are system data distinct from user data, and consist primarily of pointers. Changes in a database (by insert, delete, or modify operations), may require indexes to be updated to maintain accurate user data accesses. [1] Index locking is a technique used to maintain index integrity. A portion of an index is locked during a database ...
In the SQL 1992 specification, the types of components that can be created are schemas, tables, views, domains, character sets, collations, translations, and assertions. [2] Many implementations extend the syntax to allow creation of additional elements, such as indexes and user profiles.
Conceptually, an index is simply a mapping between a value and one or more locations. With a functional index, the value stored in the index is the output of the function specified when the index is created. This capability expands what is sargable beyond base column expressions. Sargable operators: =, >, <, >=, <=, BETWEEN, LIKE, IS [NOT] NULL, IN
A bitmap index is a special kind of database index that uses bitmaps. Bitmap indexes have traditionally been considered to work well for low- cardinality columns , which have a modest number of distinct values, either absolutely, or relative to the number of records that contain the data.
In PostgreSQL, a useful partial index might be defined as: create index partial_status on txn_table ( status ) where status in ( 'A' , 'P' , 'W' ); This index would not bother storing any of the millions of rows that have reached "final" status, 'F', and would allow queries looking for transactions that still "need work" to efficiently search ...