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  2. Fountas and Pinnell reading levels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountas_and_Pinnell...

    A meta-analysis of 21 studies found that the F&P Text Level Gradient system did not lead to effective reading fluency interventions. [ 8 ] Matthew Burns, a reading researcher at the University of Florida, has studied assessments within the F&P Text Level Gradient system and found that they result in 54% total accuracy and correctly identify low ...

  3. Point and figure chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_and_figure_chart

    Any price change below this value is ignored so point and figure acts as a sieve to filter out the smaller price changes. The charts change column when the price changes direction by the value of a certain number of Xs or Os. Traditionally this was one and is called a 1 box reversal chart. More common is three, called a 3 box reversal chart.

  4. Ordinary least squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_least_squares

    In statistics, ordinary least squares (OLS) is a type of linear least squares method for choosing the unknown parameters in a linear regression model (with fixed level-one [clarification needed] effects of a linear function of a set of explanatory variables) by the principle of least squares: minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed dependent variable (values ...

  5. Control chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_chart

    Control charts are graphical plots used in production control to determine whether quality and manufacturing processes are being controlled under stable conditions. (ISO 7870-1) [1] The hourly status is arranged on the graph, and the occurrence of abnormalities is judged based on the presence of data that differs from the conventional trend or deviates from the control limit line.

  6. Total operating characteristic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_operating_characteristic

    There are 31 thresholds, consisting of the 30 values of the index and one additional threshold that is greater than all the index values, which creates the point at the origin (0,0). Each point is labeled to indicate the value of each threshold. The horizontal axes ranges from 0 to 30 which is the number of observations in the dataset (P + Q).

  7. Differential evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_evolution

    Performance landscape showing how the basic DE performs in aggregate on the Sphere and Rosenbrock benchmark problems when varying the two DE parameters and , and keeping fixed =0.9. The choice of DE parameters NP {\displaystyle {\text{NP}}} , CR {\displaystyle {\text{CR}}} and F {\displaystyle F} can have a large impact on optimization performance.

  8. Precision and recall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_and_recall

    In a classification task, the precision for a class is the number of true positives (i.e. the number of items correctly labelled as belonging to the positive class) divided by the total number of elements labelled as belonging to the positive class (i.e. the sum of true positives and false positives, which are items incorrectly labelled as belonging to the class).

  9. Intensity-duration-frequency curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity-duration...

    An intensity-duration-frequency curve (IDF curve) is a mathematical function that relates the intensity of an event (e.g. rainfall) with its duration and frequency of occurrence. [1] Frequency is the inverse of the probability of occurrence. These curves are commonly used in hydrology for flood forecasting and civil engineering for urban ...