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It is a common pattern in software testing to send values through test functions and check for correct output. In many cases, in order to thoroughly test functionalities, one needs to test multiple sets of input/output, and writing such cases separately would cause duplicate code as most of the actions would remain the same, only differing in input/output values.
Docstrings can in turn be extracted from program files to generate documentation in other formats such as HTML or PDF. A program file can be made to contain the documentation, tests, as well as the code and the tests easily verified against the code. This allows code, tests, and documentation to evolve together.
A training data set is a data set of examples used during the learning process and is used to fit the parameters (e.g., weights) of, for example, a classifier. [9] [10]For classification tasks, a supervised learning algorithm looks at the training data set to determine, or learn, the optimal combinations of variables that will generate a good predictive model. [11]
Illustration of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic. The red line is a model CDF, the blue line is an empirical CDF, and the black arrow is the KS statistic.. In statistics, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (also K–S test or KS test) is a nonparametric test of the equality of continuous (or discontinuous, see Section 2.2), one-dimensional probability distributions.
Since 7 October 2024, Python 3.13 is the latest stable release, and it and, for few more months, 3.12 are the only releases with active support including for bug fixes (as opposed to just for security) and Python 3.9, [55] is the oldest supported version of Python (albeit in the 'security support' phase), due to Python 3.8 reaching end-of-life.
A binomial test is a statistical hypothesis test used to determine whether the proportion of successes in a sample differs from an expected proportion in a binomial distribution. It is useful for situations when there are two possible outcomes (e.g., success/failure, yes/no, heads/tails), i.e., where repeated experiments produce binary data .
The one-sample test statistic, , for Kuiper's test is defined as follows. Let F be the continuous cumulative distribution function which is to be the null hypothesis . Denote by F n the empirical distribution function for n independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) observations X i , which is defined as
Grubbs's test can also be defined as a one-sided test, replacing α/(2N) with α/N. To test whether the minimum value is an outlier, the test statistic is = ¯ with Y min denoting the minimum value. To test whether the maximum value is an outlier, the test statistic is