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The other hydrates, except the metastable ones NaOH·3H 2 O and NaOH·4H 2 O (β) can be crystallized from solutions of the proper composition, as listed above. However, solutions of NaOH can be easily supercooled by many degrees, which allows the formation of hydrates (including the metastable ones) from solutions with different concentrations ...
The process has a high energy consumption, for example around 2,500 kWh (9,000 MJ) of electricity per tonne of sodium hydroxide produced. Because the process yields equivalent amounts of chlorine and sodium hydroxide (two moles of sodium hydroxide per mole of chlorine), it is necessary to find a use for these products in the same proportion.
Integrating hygroscopic movement into smart building designs and systems is frequently mentioned, e.g. self-opening windows. [20] Such movement is appealing, an adaptive, self-shaping response that requires no external force or energy. However, capabilities of current material choices are limited.
These pellets become tacky in air because KOH is hygroscopic. Most commercial samples are ca. 90% pure, the remainder being water and carbonates. [11] Its dissolution in water is strongly exothermic. Concentrated aqueous solutions are sometimes called potassium lyes. Even at high temperatures, solid KOH does not dehydrate readily. [12]
Some estimates projected that this could increase Energy Solutions' Utah site total of 7,450 curies of radiation per annum (2010), to an additional 19,184 to 28,470 curies each year. [16] The Division of Radiation Control of Utah considered, but rejected blending to allow Class B and Class C waste into Utah. [ 17 ]
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NaOH as the precipitating agent has longer settling times and is difficult to filter. It has been demonstrated that sodium hydroxide, NaOH , is the better precipitating agent compared to Ca(OH) 2 and NH 4 OH due to higher recovery and purity rates, and the settling and filtration time can be improved at low temperatures and higher concentration ...