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  2. Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund's_Rule_of_Maximum...

    For example, the nitrogen atom ground state has three unpaired electrons of parallel spin, so that the total spin is 3/2 and the multiplicity is 4. The lower energy and increased stability of the atom arise because the high-spin state has unpaired electrons of parallel spin, which must reside in different spatial orbitals according to the Pauli ...

  3. Multiplicity (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity_(chemistry)

    Each has two electrons of opposite spin in the π* level so that S = 0 and the multiplicity is 2S + 1 = 1 in consequence. In the first excited state, the two π* electrons are paired in the same orbital, so that there are no unpaired electrons. In the second excited state, however, the two π* electrons occupy different orbitals with opposite spin.

  4. Electron multiplier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_multiplier

    Contrasting differences between discrete and continuous electron multipliers. An electron multiplier is a vacuum-tube structure that multiplies incident charges. [1] In a process called secondary emission, a single electron can, when bombarded on secondary-emissive material, induce emission of roughly 1 to 3 electrons.

  5. Quantum superposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition

    Quantum superposition is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics that states that linear combinations of solutions to the Schrödinger equation are also solutions of the Schrödinger equation.

  6. Pauli exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle

    For example, if two electrons reside in the same orbital, then their values of n, ℓ, and m ℓ are equal. In that case, the two values of m s (spin) pair must be different. Since the only two possible values for the spin projection m s are +1/2 and −1/2, it follows that one electron must have m s = +1/2 and one m s = −1/2.

  7. Today’s NYT ‘Strands’ Hints, Spangram and Answers for ...

    www.aol.com/today-nyt-strands-hints-spangram...

    According to the New York Times, here's exactly how to play Strands: Find theme words to fill the board. Theme words stay highlighted in blue when found.

  8. How to Introduce Dogs: The Best Trainer-Approved Method - AOL

    www.aol.com/lifestyle/introduce-dogs-best...

    8. Off-Leash Contact. If the on-leash contact went well, on another day, it may be possible to introduce the dogs off-leash in a neutral and safely fenced area after the next parallel walk.

  9. Molecular Hamiltonian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Hamiltonian

    Electrons and nuclei are, to a very good approximation, point charges and point masses. The molecular Hamiltonian is a sum of several terms: its major terms are the kinetic energies of the electrons and the Coulomb (electrostatic) interactions between the two kinds of charged particles.