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Discrete emotion theory is the claim that there is a small number of core emotions. For example, Silvan Tomkins (1962, 1963) concluded that there are nine basic affects which correspond with what we come to know as emotions: interest , enjoyment , surprise , distress , fear , anger , shame , dissmell (reaction to bad smell) and disgust .
A popular example is Paul Ekman and his colleagues' cross-cultural study of 1992, in which they concluded that the six basic emotions are anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. [2] Ekman explains that there are particular characteristics attached to each of these emotions, allowing them to be expressed in varying degrees in a ...
Paul Ekman (born February 15, 1934) [1] is an American psychologist and professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco who is a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions. [2] He was ranked 59th out of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the twentieth century in 2002 by the Review of General ...
Emotion Attribution Theory, proposed by Jesse Prinz, focuses on the role of emotion attributions in the experience and understanding of emotions. Key ideas and components of Prinz's theory include: Emotion Attribution : Prinz suggests that emotions are recognized through a process of attributing specific emotional states to oneself and others ...
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... Surprise is included as a primary or basic emotion in the taxonomies of Carroll Izard and Paul Ekman ...
Many researchers have expanded on Darwin's original theories on emotional expression. Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard were the first to test Darwin's theory. [20] These psychologists, through cross-cultural empirical tests found that there were a number of basic emotions that were universally recognized.
The phrase "Othello error" was first used in the book Telling Lies by Paul Ekman in 1985. [4] The name was coined from Shakespeare's play Othello , which provides an "excellent and famous example" [ 1 ] of what can happen when fear and distress upon confrontation do not signal deception.
Ekman noted that while universal expressions do not necessarily prove Darwin's theory that they evolved, they do provide strong evidence of the possibility. [5] He mentioned the similarities between human expressions and those of other primates , as well as an overall universality of certain expressions to back up Darwin's ideas.