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The diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and supported by a lithium level blood level. [1] [2] Blood levels are most useful six to twelve hours after the last dose. [2] The normal blood serum lithium level in those on treatment is between 0.6 and 1.2 mEq/L. [1] Some blood tubes contain lithium heparin which may result in falsely elevated ...
The nervous tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and periphery comprises an extraordinarily complex biological system that largely defines many of the unique traits of individuals. As with any highly complex system, however, even small perturbations to its environment can lead to significant functional disruptions.
This can eventually disrupt or even kill neurons, which are cells that transmit and process signals in the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Neurotoxicity can result from organ transplants, radiation treatment, certain drug therapies, recreational drug use, exposure to heavy metals, bites from certain species of venomous snakes ...
Lithium intoxication can affect the central nervous system and renal system and can be lethal. [17] Over a prolonged period, lithium can accumulate in the principal cells of the collecting duct and interfere with antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which regulates the water permeability of principal cells in the collecting tubule. [12]
Those who use lithium should receive regular serum level tests and should monitor thyroid and kidney function for abnormalities, as it interferes with the regulation of sodium and water levels in the body, and can cause dehydration. Dehydration, which is compounded by heat, can result in increasing lithium levels.
Lithium is, broadly speaking, neuroprotective. [28] The classical theory of valporate's action involves affecting GABA levels and blocking voltage-gated sodium channels (which would affect the brain's glutamate system). [29] It has since been found to have many other cellular effects, such as inhibiting histone deacetylases and increasing LEF1 ...
An implicit premise in neuropsychopharmacology with regard to the psychological aspects is that all states of mind, including both normal and drug-induced altered states, and diseases involving mental or cognitive dysfunction, have a neurochemical basis at the fundamental level, and certain circuit pathways in the central nervous system at a higher level.
PNI research looks for the exact mechanisms by which specific neuroimmune effects are achieved. Evidence for nervous-immunological interactions exist at multiple biological levels. The immune system and the brain communicate through signaling pathways. The brain and the immune system are the two major adaptive systems of the body.