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  2. Spurious relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship

    Graphical model: Whereas a mediator is a factor in the causal chain (top), a confounder is a spurious factor incorrectly implying causation (bottom). In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third ...

  3. File:Spurious correlations - spelling bee spiders.svg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spurious_correlations...

    English: An example of data produced by data dredging through a bot operated by Tyler Vigen, apparently showing a close link between the best word in a spelling bee competition and the number of people in the US killed by venomous spiders. It's obviously a coincidence: with so many possible comparisons of data of things happening in the world ...

  4. Correlation does not imply causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply...

    Correlations must first be confirmed as real, and every possible causative relationship must then be systematically explored. In the end, correlation alone cannot be used as evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship between a treatment and benefit, a risk factor and a disease, or a social or economic factor and various outcomes.

  5. Data dredging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dredging

    When enough hypotheses are tested, it is virtually certain that some will be reported to be statistically significant (even though this is misleading), since almost every data set with any degree of randomness is likely to contain (for example) some spurious correlations. If they are not cautious, researchers using data mining techniques can be ...

  6. Spurious correlation of ratios - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_correlation_of_ratios

    The phenomenon of spurious correlation of ratios is one of the main motives for the field of compositional data analysis, which deals with the analysis of variables that carry only relative information, such as proportions, percentages and parts-per-million. [3] [4] Spurious correlation is distinct from misconceptions about correlation and ...

  7. Multiple comparisons problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons_problem

    Given a large enough pool of variables for the same time period, it is possible to find a pair of graphs that show a spurious correlation. In statistics , the multiple comparisons , multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when one considers a set of statistical inferences simultaneously [ 1 ] or estimates a subset of parameters selected ...

  8. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    Confounding is defined in terms of the data generating model. Let X be some independent variable, and Y some dependent variable.To estimate the effect of X on Y, the statistician must suppress the effects of extraneous variables that influence both X and Y.

  9. Mediation (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediation_(statistics)

    Simple mediation model. The independent variable causes the mediator variable; the mediator variable causes the dependent variable. In statistics, a mediation model seeks to identify and explain the mechanism or process that underlies an observed relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable via the inclusion of a third hypothetical variable, known as a mediator ...