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A holobiont is a collection of closely associated species that have complex interactions, such as a plant species and the members of its microbiome. [2] [9] Each species present in a holobiont is a biont, and the genomes of all bionts taken together are the hologenome, or the "comprehensive gene system" of the holobiont. [10]
The stable, beneficial plant microbiome may be altered to facilitate the development of certain diseases, as observed in the olive knot disease. [ 16 ] As functional macrobes living in a close association with diverse communities of microbes and viruses, plants should be considered a "holobiont", viewed as a complex system in continuous ...
The human microbiome has also been correlated to numerous etiologies of non-communicable disease, such as brain disorders, [18] cancer, [19] [20] and heart disease. [21] Interactions between human microbiome and human health are complex and suggest a hologenomic approach.
Jeffrey Dean Leach (born 1967 in Boston, Texas, known as Jeff Leach) is an American businessman and microbiome researcher from Texas. [1] He is known for his work on the gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter gatherers, [2] founding the Human Food Project, publishing archeology magazines, deceptive business practices, being accused of sexual assault, and founding the Naked Pizza restaurant chain.
VI. Hologenomic evolution is most easily understood by equating a gene in the nuclear genome to a microbe in the microbiome; VII. The hologenome concept fits squarely into genetics and accommodates multilevel selection theory; VIII. The hologenome is shaped by selection and neutrality; IX. Hologenomic speciation blends genetics and symbiosis
The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was a United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) research initiative to improve understanding of the microbiota involved in human health and disease. Launched in 2007, [ 1 ] the first phase (HMP1) focused on identifying and characterizing human microbiota.
The holobiont concept is a renewed paradigm in biology that can help to describe and understand complex systems, like the host-microbe interactions that play crucial roles in marine ecosystems.
Huttenhower's lab worked extensively with the NIH Human Microbiome Project (HMP) to identify and characterise the microorganisms found in association with both healthy and diseased humans. [2] [3] [4] As of 2015, he co-leads one of the follow-up 'HMP2' Centers for Characterizing the Gut Microbial Ecosystem in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. [14]