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Blastocystis hominis is a single-celled eukaryotic organism that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans and various animals. [1] This stramenopile exhibits significant genetic diversity and has become an organism of increasing scientific interest due to its widespread distribution and controversial role in human health. [ 2 ]
Humans contract Blastocystis infection by drinking water or eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal. [29] Blastocystis infection can be spread from animals to humans, from humans to other humans, from humans to animals, and from animals to animals. [30] [31] Risk factors for infection have been reported as following:
Blastocystis is a genus of single-celled parasites belonging to the Stramenopiles that includes algae, diatoms, and water molds.There are several species, living in the gastrointestinal tracts of species as diverse as humans, farm animals, birds, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and cockroaches. [2]
ingestion of cyst, zoonotic infection acquired from pigs (feces) Blastocystosis: Blastocystis spp. intestinal direct microscopy of stool (PCR, antibody) • worldwide: one of the most common human parasites [1] [2] • Developing regions: infects 40–100% of the total populations [1] [2] [3]
Thus patients with chronic symptomatic Blastocystis hominis infection due to pathogenic subtypes experience day-to-days changes in their symptoms because of the organisms’ shedding behavior. In addition, clinical and experimental studies have shown that these subtypes have the potential to modulate the host immune response.
Endolimax is a genus of amoebozoa [1] that are found in the intestines of various animals, including the species E. nana found in humans. Originally thought to be non-pathogenic, studies suggest it can cause intermittent or chronic diarrhea.
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Prevalence of protozoal infections in industrialized countries (United States and Canada) in the 21st century [49] [50] Protozoal infections can cause symptoms that mirror specific IBS subtypes, [51] e.g., infection by certain substypes of Blastocystis hominis (blastocystosis).