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By 1490, more than 3,000 slaves a year were transported to Portugal and Spain from Africa [1] African Americans made up almost one-fifth of the United States population in 1790, but their percentage of the total U.S. population declined in almost every U.S. census until 1930. [5]
There were 8,936 Black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001 there were 484 Black mayors. [220] The 39 African-American members of Congress form the Congressional Black Caucus, which serves as a political bloc for issues
U.S. and foreign born Sub-Saharan Africans are different and distinct from native-born African Americans, many of whose ancestors were involuntarily brought from West Africa to the colonial United States by means of the historic Atlantic slave trade. African immigration is now driving the growth of the Black population in New York City. [4]
Although there is an African American lobby in foreign policy, it has not had the impact that African American organizations have had in domestic policy. [188] Many African Americans were excluded from electoral politics in the decades following the end of Reconstruction.
From 1787 to 1868, enslaved African Americans were counted in the U.S. census under the Three-fifths Compromise.The compromise was an agreement reached during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention over the counting of slaves in determining a state's total population.
The Great Migration was the movement of millions of African Americans out of the rural Southern United States from 1914 to 1960. Most moved to large industrial cities, as well as to many smaller industrial cities. African-Americans moved as individuals or small groups. There was no government assistance.
In 1900, when the U.S. population was 76 million, there were 66.8 million white Americans in the United States, representing 88% of the total population, [38] 8.8 million Black Americans, with about 90% of them still living in Southern states, [39] and slightly more than 500,000 Hispanics. [40]
According to the 2009 American Community Survey, there were 38,093,725 Black and African Americans in the United States, representing 12.4% of the population. There were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic Blacks, which comprised 12.1% of the population. [72]