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The Varna culture was a Chalcolithic culture of northeastern Bulgaria, dated c. 4500 BC, [1] [2] contemporary and closely related with the Gumelnița culture. The oldest golden artifacts in the world (4600 BC - 4200 BC) were found in the Necropolis of Varna. These artefacts are on display in the Varna Archaeological Museum. [3] [4] [5]
The Early Bronze Age deposits were excavated over an area of 1,100–1,225 m 2 (11,840–13,190 sq ft). 17 building levels were documented with a total thickness varying from 4.30 to 6.50 m (14.1 to 21.3 ft). Building levels XVII/XVI-XV date to EBA I, building levels XIV-IX date to EBA II, and building levels VIII-I date to EBA III.
Adopted by the Bulgarian Land Forces around 2018, hence some refer to it as M18. [1] Oddly enough in 2011, years before the Bulgarian pattern was first shown to the public, a Russian camouflage pattern with unknown origin was seen with the 45th Separate Guards Special Purpose Regiment which looks very similar if not almost identical. [2]
As one of the best known surviving artefacts of Thracian culture, the treasure has been displayed at various museums around the world. [14] [5] [15] [16] [17] The treasure is the centerpiece of the Thracian art collection of the Plovdiv Regional Historical Museum, the National Museum of History in Sofia, and the History Museum in Panagyurishte. [18]
The hoard consists of 13 receptacles, different in form and size, and weighs in total 12.5 kg: two round platters; five round domed pieces, two with central handles; three cups with handles; a jug with handle; three leaf shaped vessels with handles; a bowl with two handles (4.5 kg of gold) The gold metal has a natural mixture of 9.7% silver.
The total length of the 15 million year old cave is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). [3] The average annual temperature of the cave is 12 °C (285 K; 54 °F), except for one room where the temperature is always 15 °C (288 K; 59 °F). The air humidity reaches 80% and the displacement - 56 m (184 ft).
The Golden Orphism Book (Bulgarian: Златна орфическа книга), also known as the Etruscan Gold Book, is a Thracian artefact consisting of six connected sheets of gold.
The NMMH was established in 1916, two years after a military-historical commission, consisting of an archive, exhibition and library, was founded. By that time it was one of only three Bulgarian museums in existence. Its first complete exhibition was only unveiled in 1937. Its current structure and name date from 1968. [2]