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Rickets can be traced back to the 1600s, where a pandemic arose with children around the globe from Vitamin D deficiency. [6] The inadequate intake of UV exposure consequently lead children to numerous health problems such as, growth retardation, muscle weakness, skeletal deformities, hypocalcemia, tetany and seizures. [6]
[19] [20] Emerging studies have suggested a link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 symptoms. [21] [22] A review has shown that vitamin D deficiency is not associated with a higher chance of having COVID-19 but is associated with a greater severity of the disease, including 80% increases in the rates of hospitalization and mortality. [23]
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This condition can be caused by vitamin D, calcium or phosphorus deficiency. [86] Vitamin D deficiency remains the main cause of rickets among young infants in most countries because breast milk is low in vitamin D, and darker skin, social customs, and climatic conditions can contribute to inadequate sun exposure.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been interest in vitamin D status and supplements, given the significant overlap in the risk factors for severe COVID-19 and vitamin D deficiency. [196] These include obesity, older age, and Black or Asian ethnic origin, and it is notable that vitamin D deficiency is particularly common within these groups.
In contrast, a more recent meta-analysis concluded "Vitamin D supplementation was safe and it protected against acute respiratory tract infection overall. Patients who were very vitamin D deficient and those not receiving bolus doses experienced the most benefit." [2] Low serum levels of vitamin D appear to be a risk factor for tuberculosis. [14]
Asian immigrants living in Europe have an increased risk for vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D insufficiency was found in 40% of non-Western immigrants in the Netherlands, and in more than 80% of Turkish and Moroccan immigrants. The Middle East, despite high rates of sun-exposure, has the highest rates of rickets worldwide. [42]
Common, most foods do not contain vitamin D, indicating that a deficiency will occur unless people get sunlight exposure or eat manufactured foods purposely fortified with vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is a known cause of rickets, and has been linked to numerous other health problems. [46] [47] Vitamin E deficiency