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In chemistry, a condenser is laboratory apparatus used to condense vapors – that is, turn them into liquids – by cooling them down. [1] Condensers are routinely used in laboratory operations such as distillation, reflux, and extraction. In distillation, a mixture is heated until the more volatile components boil off, the vapors are ...
A chemist performing an acid-base titration in lab In the pharmaceutical industry, acid-base titration serves as a fundamental analytical technique with diverse applications. One primary use involves the determination of the concentration of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in drug formulations, ensuring product quality and compliance ...
Wet chemistry commonly uses laboratory glassware such as beakers and graduated cylinders to prevent materials from being contaminated or interfered with by unintended sources. [3] Gasoline, Bunsen burners , and crucibles may also be used to evaporate and isolate substances in their dry forms.
Titration (also known as titrimetry [1] and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed). A reagent, termed the titrant or titrator, [2] is prepared as a standard solution of known concentration and volume.
Titration is a family of techniques used to determine the concentration of an analyte. [8] Titrating accurately to either the half-equivalence point or the endpoint of a titration allows the chemist to determine the amount of moles used, which can then be used to determine a concentration or composition of the titrant.
For example, a laboratory might conduct routinely acid/base, redox, complexometric, sulfate and chloride titrations. A single thermometric sensor in conjunction with an autosampler will enable all titrations to be performed in the same carousel load without having to change titration sensors.
For a strong acid-strong base titration monitored by pH, we have at any i'th point in the titration = [+] [] where K w is the water autoprotolysis constant.. If titrating an acid of initial volume and concentration [+] with base of concentration [], then at any i'th point in the titration with titrant volume ,
The volumetric titration is based on the same principles as the coulometric titration, except that the anode solution above now is used as the titrant solution. The titrant consists of an alcohol (ROH), base (B), SO 2 and a known concentration of I 2. Pyridine has been used as the base in this case. One mole of I 2 is consumed for each mole of ...