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Ping operates by means of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets. Pinging involves sending an ICMP echo request to the target host and waiting for an ICMP echo reply. The program reports errors, packet loss , and a statistical summary of the results, typically including the minimum, maximum, the mean round-trip times, and standard ...
A MAC address (short for medium access control address or media access control address) is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment.
Most Cisco switches use src/dst MAC address hash as distribution method, meaning that a single session will use the bandwidth of a single interface. Other Cisco switches uses a proprietary distribution method which enable true frame round-robin, enabling maximum link speed to be the same as the sum of the interfaces composing the aggregation group.
arping is a software utility for discovering hosts on a computer network by sending link layer frames using Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) requests addressed to a host identified by its MAC address. [1] The utility may use ARP to resolve an IP address provided by the user.
Cisco's implementation of traceroute also uses a sequence of UDP datagrams, each with incrementing TTL values, to an invalid port number at the remote host; by default, UDP port 33434 is used. An extended version of this command (known as the extended traceroute command) can change the destination port number used by the UDP probe messages.
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol for discovering the link layer address, such as a MAC address, associated with a internet layer address, typically an IPv4 address. The protocol, part of the Internet protocol suite , was defined in 1982 by RFC 826 , which is Internet Standard STD 37.
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a proprietary data link layer protocol developed by Cisco Systems in 1994 [1] by Keith McCloghrie and Dino Farinacci. It is used to share information about other directly connected Cisco equipment, such as the operating system version and IP address .
A well-known example of this is the ping utility. [7] ICMP responses will be allowed back through the firewall. In some scenarios, UDP communication can use ICMP to provide information about the state of the session so ICMP responses related to a UDP session will also be allowed back through.