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A graben is a section of crust that has lowered relative to the blocks on either side, which is a result of its bounding faults dipping towards each other. [2] The plural of graben can be either graben or grabens. Graben form low-lying features such as basins and rift valleys. [1] [2] They can be very long relative to their width.
In physical geography and geology, a horst is a raised fault block bounded by normal faults. [1] Horsts are typically found together with grabens . While a horst is lifted or remains stationary, the grabens on either side subside . [ 2 ]
Graben often occur side by side with horsts. Horst and graben structures indicate tensional forces and crustal stretching. Graben are produced from parallel normal faults, where the displacement of the hanging wall is downward, while that of the footwall is upward. The faults typically dip toward the center of the graben from both sides.
Fault scarps are exposed on the horst block and expose the footwall of the normal fault. This is a type of block faulting known as grabens and horsts. This basin and range topography is symmetrical having equal slopes on both sides of the valleys and mountain ranges. Timelapse of tilted block faulting
Tahquamenon Falls in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.. The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west. The Porcupine Mountains, which are part of one of the oldest mountain chains in the world, [3] rise to an altitude of almost 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level and form the watershed between the streams flowing into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan.
Continental detachment faults are also called décollements, denudational faults, low-angle normal faults (LANF) and dislocation surfaces. [5] The low-angle nature of these normal faults has sparked debate among scientists, centred on whether these faults started out at low angles or rotated from initially steep angles.
Diagram showing development of thrust-bounded horses within a thrust duplex A horse sits between the walls of this normal fault located near Upheaval Dome, Utah.The fault plane traces from the upper right to the lower left of the image.
Lifted type block mountains have two steep sides exposing both sides scarps, leading to the horst and graben terrain seen in various parts of Europe including the Upper Rhine valley, a graben between two horsts – the Vosges mountains (in France) and the Black Forest (in Germany), and also the Rila – Rhodope Massif in Bulgaria, Southeast ...