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  2. Fermion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion

    Fermions differ from bosons, which obey Bose–Einstein statistics. Some fermions are elementary particles (such as electrons), and some are composite particles (such as protons). For example, according to the spin-statistics theorem in relativistic quantum field theory, particles with integer spin are bosons.

  3. Elementary particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle

    Half of the fermions are leptons, three of which have an electric charge of −1 e, called the electron (e −), the muon (μ −), and the tau (τ −); the other three leptons are neutrinos (ν e, ν μ, ν τ), which are the only elementary fermions with neither electric nor color charge. The remaining six particles are quarks (discussed below).

  4. Electron pair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_pair

    Because electrons are fermions, the Pauli exclusion principle forbids these particles from having all the same quantum numbers. Therefore, for two electrons to occupy the same orbital, and thereby have the same orbital quantum number, they must have different spin quantum numbers. This also limits the number of electrons in the same orbital to two.

  5. Pauli exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle

    An electrically neutral atom contains bound electrons equal in number to the protons in the nucleus. Electrons, being fermions, cannot occupy the same quantum state as other electrons, so electrons have to "stack" within an atom, i.e. have different spins while at the same electron orbital as described below.

  6. List of particles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles

    Fermions have half-integer spin; for all known elementary fermions this is ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠. All known fermions except neutrinos, are also Dirac fermions; that is, each known fermion has its own distinct antiparticle. It is not known whether the neutrino is a Dirac fermion or a Majorana fermion. [4] Fermions are the basic building blocks of all ...

  7. Indistinguishable particles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indistinguishable_particles

    Fermions, on the other hand, are forbidden from sharing quantum states, giving rise to systems such as the Fermi gas. This is known as the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and is responsible for much of chemistry, since the electrons in an atom (fermions) successively fill the many states within shells rather than all lying in the same lowest energy ...

  8. Fermionic field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionic_field

    The most prominent example of a fermionic field is the Dirac field, which describes fermions with spin-1/2: electrons, protons, quarks, etc. The Dirac field can be described as either a 4-component spinor or as a pair of 2-component Weyl spinors.

  9. Feynman diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagram

    QED involves two types of particles: matter particles such as electrons or positrons (called fermions) and exchange particles (called gauge bosons). They are represented in Feynman diagrams as follows: