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  2. Egg paleopathology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_paleopathology

    Also, in stacked shells the layer separating the shells will resemble the sediment surrounding the fossil and in multilayer the layer between shells will resemble the primary shell more than the surrounding sediment. [3] Cathodoluminescence can be used to distinguish pathological egg shell from egg shell that has been altered diagenetically ...

  3. Knockout moss - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_moss

    For each plant, an overview (upper row; scale bar corresponds to 1 mm) and a close-up (bottom row; scale bar equals 0.5 mm) are shown. A: Haploid wild-type moss plant completely covered with leafy gametophores and close-up of wild-type leaf. B–E: Different mutants. [1] A knockout moss is a kind of genetically modified moss.

  4. Maternal effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_effect

    In genetics, a maternal effect occurs when the phenotype of an organism is determined by the genotype of its mother. [1] For example, if a mutation is maternal effect recessive, then a female homozygous for the mutation may appear phenotypically normal, however her offspring will show the mutant phenotype, even if they are heterozygous for the mutation.

  5. Eggshell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshell

    In the shell gland (similar to a mammalian uterus), mineralization starts at the mammillae and around the outermost membrane fibers. [11] The shell gland fluid contains very high levels of calcium and bicarbonate ions. The thick calcified layer of the eggshell forms in columns from the mammillae structures, and is known as the palisade layer.

  6. Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenesis_(molecular...

    Types of mutations that can be introduced by random, site-directed, combinatorial, or insertional mutagenesis. In molecular biology, mutagenesis is an important laboratory technique whereby DNA mutations are deliberately engineered to produce libraries of mutant genes, proteins, strains of bacteria, or other genetically modified organisms.

  7. Schizosaccharomyces pombe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces_pombe

    Schizosaccharomyces pombe, also called "fission yeast", is a species of yeast used in traditional brewing and as a model organism in molecular and cell biology.It is a unicellular eukaryote, whose cells are rod-shaped.

  8. Alternation of generations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations

    Alternation of generations (also known as metagenesis or heterogenesis) [1] is the predominant type of life cycle in plants and algae. In plants both phases are multicellular: the haploid sexual phase – the gametophyte – alternates with a diploid asexual phase – the sporophyte.

  9. Genomic imprinting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_imprinting

    Forms of genomic imprinting have been demonstrated in fungi, plants and animals. [7] [8] In 2014, there were about 150 imprinted genes known in mice and about half that in humans. [9] As of 2019, 260 imprinted genes have been reported in mice and 228 in humans. [10]