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Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is caused by an exaggerated immune response (hypersensitivity). Type III hypersensitivity and type IV hypersensitivity can both occur depending on the cause. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] In general, acute HP is suspected to be attributed to a type III hypersensitivity while the subacute and chronic types are suspected to be caused ...
Serum sickness is a type III hypersensitivity reaction, caused by immune complexes. [2] When an antiserum is given, the human immune system can mistake the proteins present for harmful antigens . The body produces antibodies, which combine with these proteins to form immune complexes. [ 2 ]
Laryngotracheal stenosis is an umbrella term for a wide and heterogeneous group of very rare conditions. The population incidence of adult post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis which is the commonest benign sub-type of this condition is approximately 1 in 200,000 adults per year. [10]
Laryngeal papillomatosis, also known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) or glottal papillomatosis, is a rare medical condition in which benign tumors form along the aerodigestive tract. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] There are two variants based on the age of onset: juvenile and adult laryngeal papillomatosis. [ 3 ]
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) or laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the larynx, oropharynx and/or the nasopharynx. [4] [5] LPR causes respiratory symptoms such as cough and wheezing [6] and is often associated with head and neck complaints such as dysphonia, globus pharyngis, and dysphagia. [7]
Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle. The RLN is important for speaking, breathing and swallowing.
The external laryngeal nerve is the smaller, external branch. It descends on the larynx, beneath the sternothyroid muscle, to supply the cricothyroid muscle.The external branch functions to stretch the vocal cords by activating the cricothyroid muscle, increasing pitch.
Vocal fold cysts are diagnosed based on gathering a case history, perceptual examination, and laryngeal imaging. [3] Practicing good vocal hygiene is recommended to prevent vocal fold cysts. [4] Initial treatment of the cysts involves voice therapy to reduce harmful vocal behaviours. If symptoms remain after voice therapy, patients may require ...