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The Wason selection task (or four-card problem) is a logic puzzle devised by Peter Cathcart Wason in 1966. [1] [2] [3] It is one of the most famous tasks in the study of deductive reasoning. [4] An example of the puzzle is: You are shown a set of four cards placed on a table, each of which has a number on one side and a color on the other.
Induction puzzles are logic puzzles, which are examples of multi-agent reasoning, where the solution evolves along with the principle of induction. [1] [2]A puzzle's scenario always involves multiple players with the same reasoning capability, who go through the same reasoning steps.
The children were asked to hide another doll, a “boy” doll, away from both policemen's views. The results showed that among the sample of children ranging from ages 3.5-5, 90% gave correct answers. When the stakes were raised and additional walls and policeman dolls were added, 90% of four-year-olds were still able to pass the task. [7]
Logical reasoning is a form of thinking that is concerned with arriving at a conclusion in a rigorous way. [1] This happens in the form of inferences by transforming the information present in a set of premises to reach a conclusion.
The left-hand picture below is an example of a historic visual proof of the Pythagorean theorem in the case of the (3,4,5) triangle. Visual proof for the (3,4,5) triangle as in the Zhoubi Suanjing 500–200 BCE.
Socratic questioning (or Socratic maieutics) [1] is an educational method named after Socrates that focuses on discovering answers by asking questions of students. According to Plato, Socrates believed that "the disciplined practice of thoughtful questioning enables the scholar/student to examine ideas and be able to determine the validity of those ideas". [2]
Reason is the capacity of consciously applying logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth. [1] It is associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, religion, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans.
This effects, for example, the time needed to fully recover from surgeries and the tendency to resume physical exercise afterward. [ 158 ] But it has been argued that whether positive thinking actually leads to positive outcomes depends on various other factors.