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English: Simple Distillations Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: ... This diagram was created with Inkscape.
The ".SVG" images is missing the outlet pipe from the receiving portion of the apparatus see “.PNG” image (above) - just above label 8. Figure 10 missing; Also some of the ground glass joints are shaded others are not. To be picky: The thermometer bulb could have a black line around it to show it is contained within the thermometer.
A simple vacuum distillation system as exemplified above can be used, whereby the vacuum is replaced with an inert gas after the distillation is complete. However, this is a less satisfactory system if one desires to collect fractions under a reduced pressure.
In distillation, a mixture is heated until the more volatile components boil off, the vapors are condensed, and collected in a separate container. In reflux, a reaction involving volatile liquids is carried out at their boiling point, to speed it up; and the vapors that inevitably come off are condensed and returned to the reaction vessel.
The typical McCabe–Thiele diagram in Figure 1 uses a q-line representing a partially vaporized feed. Example q-line slopes are presented in Figure 2. The number of steps between the operating lines and the equilibrium line represents the number of theoretical plates (or equilibrium stages) required for the distillation. For the binary ...
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This process is the origin of the name fractional distillation or fractionation. Distillation is one of the most common and energy-intensive separation processes. Effectiveness of separation is dependent upon the height and diameter of the column, the ratio of the column's height to diameter, and the material that comprises the distillation ...
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